2011-01-30

P-matrix


P-matrix is a complex square matrix with every principal minor > 0. A closely related class is that of P0-matrices, which are the closure of the class of P-matrices, with every principal minor \geq 0.


Spectra of P-matrices

By a theorem of Kellogg, the eigenvalues of P- and P0- matrices are bounded away from a wedge about the negative real axis as follows:
If {u1,...,un} are the eigenvalues of an n-dimensional P-matrix, then
|arg(u_i)| < \pi - \frac{\pi}{n}, i = 1,...,n
If {u1,...,un}u_i \neq 0i = 1,...,n are the eigenvalues of an n-dimensional P0-matrix, then
|arg(u_i)| \leq \pi - \frac{\pi}{n}, i = 1,...,n

Notes

The class of nonsingular M-matrices is a subset of the class of P-matrices. More precisely, all matrices that are both P-matrices and Z-matrices are nonsingular M-matrices.
If the Jacobian of a function is a P-matrix, then the function is injective on any rectangular region of \mathbb{R}^n.
A related class of interest, particularly with reference to stability, is that of P( − )-matrices, sometimes also referred to as N − P-matrices. A matrix A is a P( − )-matrix if and only if ( − A) is a P-matrix (similarly for P0-matrices). Since σ(A) = − σ( − A), the eigenvalues of these matrices are bounded away from the positive real axis.


References

  • R. B. Kellogg, On complex eigenvalues of M and P matrices, Numer. Math. 19:170-175 (1972)
  • Li Fang, On the Spectra of P- and P0-Matrices, Linear Algebra and its Applications 119:1-25 (1989)
  • D. Gale and H. Nikaido, The Jacobian matrix and global univalence of mappings, Math. Ann. 159:81-93 (1965)

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